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The term “pragmatic marker” (PM) is suggested in the article for a certain category of discourse markers (DMs), typically occurring in spoken language, – those which almost completely lack their lexical meaning and do not influence the semantic content of their context; meanwhile, they verbalize the mental process of speech production. Nowadays, there is no unanimity in differentiating categories of DMs in special linguistic literature, so DMs embrace a wide range of heterogeneous subgroups of markers with d...

Headlines, which are generally more available to readers than articles, were analyzed from the following media: BBC, The Economist, Harvard Business Review, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Independent, and The Guardian on the general topic “Education”, - basically, from the linguistic perspective. It was found that newspaper headlines tend to be longer (10-11 words, on average; and certain headlines reach the length of 17-19 words), incorporate direct speech and reporting clauses, and have the for...