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The problems of minimizing tax risks when Russian companies paid income to foreign organizations were constantly in the focus of attention of economists and practitioners. The number of publications of both foreign and Russian researchers in this field has a steady upward trend. This is due to the observed increase in the number of foreign organizations receiving income from sources located on the territory of Russia, as well as the expansion of the range of controversial issues arising in the current conditions f...

Currently, suburban passenger transportation in Russia has a leading socio-economic role in satisfying the citizensВ’ requirement for displacement. The social significance of railway transport is primarily in its demand among the population with low income. Russian Federation regions establish the passenger-fare for selected groups of the population below the actual cost, so as not to reduce passenger traffic. Meanwhile, regional governments need to compensate for the loss of carrier's income which appears as a re...