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In this article, the authors review the ethical and legal aspects of screening of newborns for hereditary diseases in the context of the implementation of this medical technology as a specific medical service. In Russia, screening of newborns for phenylketonuria started in 1985, and since 1993 for congenital hypothyroidism, since 2006 - screening for cystic fibrosis, adrenogenital syndrome and galactosemia. In Russia this medical service is one of the services “imposed” and obligatory for all children born reg...