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The study explores the constitutional and conventional foundations of the criminal law principle nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, as a fundamental safeguard of legality and predictability in penal systems. The analysis investigates how this principle, enshrined in Article 23(12) of the Romanian Constitution, Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, and Article 49 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, operates as both a guarantee against arbitrariness and a structural limit t...