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The problem of ageing population is increasing. So, the governments in different countries are trying to find some solution of the deficit of the pension systems and so different types of reforms suggest itself. These reforms can be only parametric or can be also systematic. The parametric reform is represented mainly by the increase of the pension age and by the increase of the minimum insurance period. But it needn?t be satisfactory and for that reason a lot of governments in the middle and east Europa were tryi...

This article is about the problems of the development of the indebtedness of the firms in different branches in the USA and in the Europe. The analysis of this development is important besides other things for the purpose of the identification of the average indebtedness and so-called branch standards that can be used for the process of optimizing of the capital structure. That is the topic inviting for the large discussion and very large researches which plays an important role in the sphere of the financial mana...