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Two types of state ideology are analyzed in the article: ideology of totalitarian regimes, which existed in Italy, Spain, Germany, the USSR and China in the 20th century, and modern ideology of the “consumer society”. Both of them result from ideas of the Enlightenment (rule, based on reason, omniparity, freedom and justice) and have common features. The peculiarities of the totalitarian regime, which had a tendency for suppression of dissent, and the so-called “one-dimensional society”, controlling the ma...

Proverbs and sayings, traditions and customs of the country serve as a bright reflection of national identity. They are collected and transmitted from generation to generation in written texts, primarily in works of fiction. In the process of reading and translating texts containing a large amount of linguistic and cultural information, foreign students are faced with the problem of understanding these words. This is due to the fact that they belong to the layer of nonequivalent lexis, which is present in every la...