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From the beginning, through to Antiquity and the Middle Ages, mankind has started from a belief in the existence of a substantial soul. Belief in a spirit substance gradually receded, giving way to a spirit wholly dependent on matter and strictly material causes. The human psyche does not easily adapt to the times, and, despite humanity's breakthroughs and changing conceptions regarding life and the world, the nucleus of magical thinking has continued to exist and manifest itself incongruously relative to modern c...

Our study aim to identify the main sources of individualism, in Renaissance. We have established the conceptual relationships between greek Christian terms hypostas-enhypostas-parahypostas-polyhypostas and their metamorphosis under the influence of iudaic and gnostic philosophy. We are sketching the typology of the individual, reflected in symbolic portraiture of Adam. The individualism excludes any form of constraint and impose with necessity the idea of authenticity. We can observe the deconstruction of the esse...